Biobanking



1. What Is Biobanking?
       Organized collections and storage of human biological samples and associated data of great significance for research and personalized medicine.
 -BBMRI-European Commission (EC) in 2015

Process of collecting, processing, handling, storing, and eventually distributing and sharing of samples and their associated data with researchers accessing the biobank.



2. What is the difference between Biobank and Biorepository?

Biorepository is a biological materials repository that collects, processes, stores, and distributes biospecimens to support future scientific investigation.
 
Biorepositories can contain or manage specimens from animals, including humans, and many other living Organisms.

A Biobank is a type of biorepository that stores human biological samples for use in research.


3.What is Biospecimen?

Blood, plasma, serum, RBC, white cells, DNA, RNA, protein, cell-lines, fluid, urine,cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, amniotic fluid buffy coat, bone marrow stem cells and tissues(freshly frozen or FFPE).


4.In which groups Biobanking consist information?

a.Biological human sample(Biospecimen)
b. Attached or connected information;
c.The legal issues like consent and patient/individual data safety and protection.


5.Why industrial Biobanks are necessary?

a.Understanding of genomic information and genetic mechanisms in diseases,
b.Developments in IT sector and bioinformatics.

6.History of Biobanking.

The first time the term "biobank" appeared in the literature was 1996.
 But only about 10 years later the number of papers containing the terms biobank or biobanking increased significantly..


7.Main Components of Biobanking.


8.Source of Biobanks.

a.Patient at the hospital or a volunteer b.Sometimes, biobank collections are driven by researchers' needs or population based research.
c.Samples and information are labelled with unique identifiers.
d.Samples are divided into separate aliquots.

9.Process of Biobanking


10. Storage in Biobanks.

a.Samples are stored ina way appropriate for the sample material and the intended research purpose.
b.Blood, plasma, serum, and DNA are stored
 in -80°C freezers.
c.Tissues and cell lines are preserved in liquid nitrogen freezers at-196°C.

11.Types of Biobanks

Human biobank classification is based on:
 1. Tissue type (tumor tissue, cells, blood, DNA or RNA );
 2. Purpose/intended use (research, forensics, transplantation, source for therapeutics, e-g, umbilical blood, stem cell biobanks for individual or community use, or diagnostics);
 3. Ownership (academic and research institutions, hospitals, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies or government run)

1.Tissue bank -
 a. Surgical tissues, 
 b.Transplant tissues
 
2.Cancer/ Tumor bank 

3.Cord blood/ Stemcell bank 

4.Blood bank - Dried Blood Spots

5.Body fluids 
     a.Synovial
     b.Urine
     c.Sputum
     d.Buccal scrapings
     e.Sperm
 
6.DNA/RNA bank Cornea bank

            Currently, the generally accepted classification comes from the -European Biobanking and BioMolecular resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI)-
 1. Population-based biobanks - focused on the study of development of common, complex diseases over time.
 2. Disease oriented biobanks -biobanks of tissue samples and clinical data also referred to as disease oriented or clinical biobanks.



12.What Disease specific Biobanks do?

a.it Collect pathological tissue samples and information from patients suffering from a specific disease, for example, breast cancer or prostate cancer.
b.Greater impact on the research on discovery of bio-markers, targeted drug development and research on treatment of diseases
 or cancers.


13.Uses of Biobanks.

a.Therapeutic work:
(i)Bone allografts used in spinal fusion surgery Tendon allografts for knee ligament
 replacement
(ii) Heart valves for treatment of congenital heart defect in children
(iii)Viable and non-viable skin dressing for burn patients
(iv)Hematopoetic stem cells and marrow used to replace bone marrow, Sperms in fertility preservation.
(v) personalized medicine

b.RESEARCH WORK
(i) Disease based research
(ii)Population based epidemiological research




14. Benefits of Biobanking


15.Saftey and ethical issues in Biobanks.
 
  a.For tissue banking, freely, given informed          patient consent is mandatory.
  b.Patient consent forms needs to be                 upgraded from time-totime following IRB         regulations.
 c.Model Consent Form :University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, U.K 
d. confidentiality- very important! 
e.QA and QC checks necessary right from planning, implementation, up to documentation and anaiysis. 
f.Safety is crucial : MSDS to be. distributed among staff for entire chemical compounds kept at the biobank.


16.Biobanks in india.

1.Brain Biobank,NIMHANS, Bangalore. 
2.Tata Memorial Hospital Tissue Bank.
3.Narayana Hrudayalaya Tissue Bank and Stem cell research centre.

Virtual biobanks : Developed to assist investigators locate biospecimens for testing and data mining from multiple biobanks in dispersed locations.
 They can be accessed using specialized software or web portals designed to connect biobanks and investigators throughout the world.



Conclusion
a. Biobanks are complex systems of systematically programmed storage of human material and associated data.
b. in the past 20 years the science of biobanks has became an integral part of personalized medicine.
c. A great number of biobanks have been established all over the world to support the dramatic development in diseases prevention, prediction, diagnosis and treatment.


For more Information:-
Research Articles:-

Reference books:-



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