Cancer and it's types..
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body's cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body
2. How Cancer Occur?
Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer is caused by changes to DNA. Most cancer-causing DNA changes occur in sections of DNA called genes. These changes are also called genetic changes.
3. How Cancer Spread?
When cancer spreads, it's called metastasis. In metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed, travel through the blood or lymph system, and form new tumors in other parts of the body. Cancer can spread to almost anywhere in the body. But it commonly moves into your bones, liver, or lungs.
4. How Cancer is detected?
Imaging tests used in diagnosing cancer may include a computerized tomography (CT) scan, bone scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scan, ultrasound and X-ray, among others. Biopsy. During a biopsy, your doctor collects a sample of cells for testing in the laboratory.
5. How is Cancer caused?
Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells. The DNA inside a cell is packaged into a large number of individual genes, each of which contains a set of instructions telling the cell what functions to perform, as well as how to grow and divide.
6. Symptoms of Cancer.
Signs and symptoms caused by cancer will vary depending on what part of the body is affected.
Some general signs and symptoms associated with, but not specific to, cancer, include:
(i) Fatigue
(ii) Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin
(iii) Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain
(iv) Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the skin, sores that won't heal, or changes to existing moles
(v) Changes in bowel or bladder habits
(vi) Persistent cough or trouble breathing
(vii) Difficulty swallowing
(viii) Hoarseness
(ix) Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating
(x) Persistent, unexplained muscle or joint pain
(xi) Persistent, unexplained fevers or night sweats
(xii) Unexplained bleeding or bruising
7.What do gene mutations do?
(i) Allow rapid growth
(ii) Fail to stop uncontrolled cell growth
(iii) Make mistakes when repairing DNA errors
8. Types of Cancer
(i) Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder. Symptoms include blood in the urine, pain with urination, and low back pain. It is caused when epithelial cells that line the bladder become malignant.[1] [2]
(ii) Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin. [3] [4] [5]
(iii) Colon and rectal cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). Signs and symptoms may include blood in the stool, a change in bowel movements, weight loss, and fatigue. Most colorectal cancers are due to old age and lifestyle factors, with only a small number of cases due to underlying genetic disorders. Risk factors include diet, obesity, smoking, and lack of physical activity. Dietary factors that increase the risk include red meat, processed meat, and alcohol. Another risk factor is inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Some of the inherited genetic disorders that can cause colorectal cancer include familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer; however, these represent less than 5% of cases. It typically starts as a benign tumor, often in the form of a polyp, which over time becomes cancerous. [6] [7] [8] [9]
(iv) Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium (the lining of the uterus or womb). It is the result of the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The first sign is most often vaginal bleeding not associated with a menstrual period. Other symptoms include pain with urination, pain during sexual intercourse, or pelvic pain. Endometrial cancer occurs most commonly after menopause. [10] [11] [12]
(v) Kidney Cancer
Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a group of cancers that starts in the kidney. Symptoms may include blood in the urine, lump in the abdomen, or back pain. Fever, weight loss, and tiredness may also occur. Complications can include spread to the lungs or brain. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
(vi) Leukemia
Leukemia is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal blood cells. These blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells. Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising, bone pain, fatigue, fever, and an increased risk of infections. These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells. Diagnosis is typically made by blood tests or bone marrow biopsy. [18] [19]
(vi) Liver Cancer
Liver cancer (also known as hepatic cancer, primary hepatic cancer, or primary hepatic malignancy) is cancer that starts in the liver. Liver cancer can be primary (starts in liver) or secondary (meaning cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver, known as liver metastasis). Liver metastasis is more common than that which starts in the liver. Liver cancer is increasing globally. [20] [21] [22] [23]
(vii) Lung Cancer
Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma (since about 98–99% of all lung cancers are carcinomas), is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. Lung carcinomas derive from transformed, malignant cells that originate as epithelial cells, or from tissues composed of epithelial cells. Other lung cancers, such as the rare sarcomas of the lung, are generated by the malignant transformation of connective tissues (i.e. nerve, fat, muscle, bone), which arise from mesenchymal cells. Lymphomas and melanomas (from lymphoid and melanocyte cell lineages) can also rarely result in lung cancer. [24] [25]
(viii) Melanoma Cancer
Melanoma, also redundantly known as malignant melanoma, is a type of skin cancer that develops from the pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes. Melanomas typically occur in the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye (uveal melanoma). In women, they most commonly occur on the legs, while in men, they most commonly occur on the back.About 25% of melanomas develop from moles. Changes in a mole that can indicate melanoma include an increase in size, irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or skin breakdown. [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]
(ix)Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), also known as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphomas except Hodgkin lymphomas. Symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and tiredness. Other symptoms may include bone pain, chest pain, or itchiness. Some forms are slow-growing while others are fast-growing.[31]
(x) Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass. These cancerous cells have the ability to invade other parts of the body. A number of types of pancreatic cancer are known.[32] [33]
(xi) Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is cancer of the prostate. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancerous tumor worldwide and is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men. The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system that surrounds the urethra just below the bladder. It is located in the hypogastric region of the abdomen. To give an idea of where it is located, the bladder is superior to the prostate gland as shown in the image The rectum is posterior in perspective to the prostate gland and the ischial tuberosity of the pelvic bone is inferior. Only those who have male reproductive organs are able to get prostate cancer. Most prostate cancers are slow growing. Cancerous cells may spread to other areas of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. It may initially cause no symptoms. In later stages, symptoms include pain or difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, or pain in the pelvis or back. Benign prostatic hyperplasia may produce similar symptoms. Other late symptoms include fatigue, due to low levels of red blood cells.[34] [35]
(xii) Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer is cancer that develops from the tissues of the thyroid gland. It is a disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms can include swelling or a lump in the neck. Cancer can also occur in the thyroid after spread from other locations, in which case it is not classified as thyroid cancer.[36] [37] [38] [39]
9. Prevention to stop causing cancer
(i) stop smoking
(ii) avoid excessive sun exposure
(iii) eat a healthy diet
(iv) exercise most day of the week
(v) maintain healthy weight
(vi) Drink alcohol in moderation, if you choose to drink
(vii) Schedule cancer screening exams
(viii) Ask your doctor about immunizations
10. Diagnosis of Cancer
(i) Biopsies A biopsy is a procedure healthcare providers do to obtain cells, tissue, fluid or growths that they’ll examine under a microscope. There are several kinds of biopsies:
(a)Needle biopsy: This test may be called a fine needle aspiration or fine needle biopsy. Healthcare providers use a thin hollow needle and syringe to extract cells, fluid or tissue from suspicious lumps. Needle biopsies are often done to help diagnose breast cancer, thyroid cancer or cancer in your lymph nodes.
(b)Skin biopsy: Healthcare providers remove a small sample of your skin to diagnose skin cancer.
(c)Bone marrow biopsy: Healthcare providers remove a small sample of bone marrow so they can test the sample for signs of disease, including cancer in your bone marrow.
(d)Endoscopic or laparoscopic biopsy: These biopsies use an endoscope or laparoscope to see the inside of your body. With both of these methods, a small cut is made in your skin and an instrument is inserted. An endoscope is a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the tip, along with a cutting tool to remove your sample. A laparoscope is a slightly different scope.
(e)Excisional or incisional biopsy: For these open biopsies, a surgeon cuts into your body and either the entire tumor is removed (excisional biopsy) or a part of the tumor is removed (incisional biopsy) to test or treat it.
(f)Perioperative biopsy: This test may be called a frozen section biopsy. This biopsy is done while you’re having another procedure. Your tissue will be removed and tested right away. Results will come in soon after the procedure, so if you need treatment, it can start immediately.
(ii) Genetic testing
Cancer may happen when a single gene mutates or several genes that work together mutate. Researchers have identified more than 400 genes associated with cancer development. People who inherit these genes from their biological parents may have an increased risk of developing cancer. Healthcare providers may recommend genetic testing for cancer if you have an inherited form of cancer. They may also do genetic testing to do therapy that targets specific cancer genes. They use test results to develop a diagnosis. They’ll assign a number or stage to your diagnosis. The higher the number, the more cancer has spread.
11.What are four Stages of Cancer?
Most cancers have four stages. The specific stage is determined by a few different factors, including the tumor’s size and location:
Stage I: The cancer is localized to a small area and hasn’t spread to lymph nodes or other tissues.
Stage II: The cancer has grown, but it hasn’t spread.
Stage III:The cancer has grown larger and has possibly spread to lymph nodes or other tissues.
Stage IV: The cancer has spread to other organs or areas of your body. This stage is also referred to as metastatic or advanced cancer.
Though stages one through four are the most common, there’s also a Stage 0. This earliest phase describes cancer that’s still localized to the area in which it started. Cancers that are still in Stage 0 are usually easily treatable and are considered pre-cancerous by most healthcare providers.
12.Treatment of cancer
(i) Chemotherapy:- Chemotherapy is one of the most common cancer treatments. It uses powerful drugs to destroy cancer cells. You may receive chemotherapy in pill form or intravenously (through a needle into a vein). In some cases, providers may be able to direct chemotherapy to the specific area affected.
(ii) Radiation Therapy:- This treatment kills cancer cells with high dosages of radiation. Your healthcare provider may combine radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
(iii) Surgery:- Cancerous tumors that haven’t spread may be removed with surgery. Your healthcare provider may recommend therapy. This treatment combines surgery with chemotherapy or radiation to shrink a tumor before surgery or to kill cancer cells that may remain after surgery
(iv)Hormone Therapy:-Sometimes, providers prescribe hormones that block other cancer-causing hormones. For example, men and people assigned male at birth who have prostate cancer might receive hormones to keep testosterone (which contributes to prostate cancer) lower than usual.
(v) Biological Response Modifier Therapy:- This treatment stimulates your immune system and helps it perform more effectively. It does this by changing your body’s natural processes.
(vi) immunotherapy for cancer:- Immunotherapy is a cancer treatment that engages your immune system to fight the disease. The treatment may be called biological therapy.
(vi)Targated Therapy for Cancer:-Targeted therapy is a cancer treatment that targets the genetic changes or mutations that turn healthy cells into cancer cells.
(vii)Bone Marrow transplant:- Also called stem cell transplantation, this treatment replaces damaged stem cells with healthy ones. Autologous transplantation uses your supply of healthy stem cells. Allogeneic transplantation uses stem cells donated by another person.
References:-
1. "Bladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version - National Cancer Institute". www.cancer.gov. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
2. Heyes S.M., Prior K.N., Whitehead D., Bond M.J. Toward an Understanding of Patients' and Their Partners' Experiences of Bladder Cancer. Cancer Nurs.. 2020;43(5):E254-E263. doi:10.1097/NCC.0000000000000718
3. "Breast Cancer". NCI. January 1980. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
4. "Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
5. Saunders C, Jassal S (2009). Breast cancer (1. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. Chapter 13. ISBN 978-0-19-955869-8. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015.
6. Bosman FT (2014). "Chapter 5.5: Colorectal Cancer". In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). World Cancer Report. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 392–402. ISBN 978-92-832-0443-5.
7. "Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
8.Theodoratou E, Timofeeva M, Li X, Meng X, Ioannidis JP (August 2017). "Nature, Nurture, and Cancer Risks: Genetic and Nutritional Contributions to Cancer". Annual Review of Nutrition (Review). 37: 293–320. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051004. PMC 6143166. PMID 28826375.
9. "Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. May 12, 2014. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
10. "General Information About Endometrial Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 22 April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
11. Kong A, Johnson N, Kitchener HC, Lawrie TA (April 2012). Kong A (ed.). "Adjuvant radiotherapy for stage I endometrial cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD003916. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003916.pub4. PMC 4164955. PMID 22513918.
12. "Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
13. "Renal Cell Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
14. "Transitional Cell Cancer (Kidney/Ureter) Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
15. "Wilms Tumor and Other Childhood Kidney Tumors Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
16. "Cancer of the Kidney and Renal Pelvis - Cancer Stat Facts". SEER. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
17. Sommers, Marilyn S.; Fannin, Ehriel (2014). Diseases and Disorders: A Nursing Therapeutics Manual. F.A. Davis. p. 657. ISBN 9780803644878.
18. "What You Need To Know About™ Leukemia". National Cancer Institute. 23 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
19. "Leukemia". NCI. 1 January 1980. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014. Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells
20. "Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version". NCI. 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
21. World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.6. ISBN 978-9283204299.
22. Bruix J, Han KH, Gores G, Llovet JM, Mazzaferro V (April 2015). "Liver cancer: Approaching a personalized care". Journal of Hepatology. 62 (1 Suppl): S144–S156. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.007. PMC 4520430. PMID 25920083.
23. Mantovani A, Targher G (July 2017). "Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: spotlight on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease". Annals of Translational Medicine. 5 (13): 270. doi:10.21037/atm.2017.04.41. PMC 5515814. PMID 28758096.
24. White V, Ruperelia P (2020). "28.Respiratory disease". In Feather A, Randall D, Waterhouse M (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 975–982. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5.
25. "Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment – Patient Version (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
26. "Melanoma Treatment – for health professionals". National Cancer Institute. June 26, 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
27. World Cancer Report (PDF). World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.14. ISBN 978-9283204299. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-05-30.
28. Schwartzman, Robert Mayer; Orkin, Milton (1962). A Comparative Study of Diseases of Dog and Man. Springfield, IL: Thomas. p. 85. The term 'melanoma' in human medicine indicates a malignant growth; the prefix 'malignant' is redundant.
29. Bobonich, Margaret; Nolen, Mary E. (2015). Dermatology for Advanced Practice Clinicians. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. p. 106. The term malignant melanoma is becoming obsolete because the word 'malignant' is redundant as there are no benign melanomas.
30. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary. 2012. Archived from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2021. Avoid the redundant phrase malignant melanoma.
31. "Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version". NCI. 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
32. "What is Cancer? Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
33. World Cancer Report. World Health Organization. 2014. Chapter 5.7. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9.
34. Luining WI, Cysouw MC, Meijer D, Hendrikse NH, Boellaard R, Vis AN, Oprea-Lager DE (February 2022). "Targeting PSMA Revolutionizes the Role of Nuclear Medicine in Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer". Cancers. 14 (5): 1169. doi:10.3390/cancers14051169. PMC 8909566. PMID 35267481.
35. "What Is Prostate Cancer?". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
36. "Thyroid Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 27 April 2017. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
37. "Thyroid Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 12 May 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
38. "Cancer Fact sheet N°297". World Health Organization. February 2014. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
39. "Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
40. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12194-cancer
Comments
Post a Comment